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This study is part of the Antwerp epidemiological and phenomenological study on stuttering (Boey, 2008). Awareness has been an important factor in theories of onset and development of stuttering. So far it has been suggested that even young children might be aware of their speech difficulty. The purpose of the study was to investigate (a) the number of stuttering children aware of their speech difficulty, (b) the description of reported behavioral expression of awareness, (c) the relationship with age-related variables and with stuttering severity.
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In the Antwerp epidemiological and phenomenological study on stuttering, the onset and development of stuttering have been studied. Descriptive data related to the onset of stuttering have been obtained for a group of 1549 participants. Reported and observed variables have been obtained in order to test several hypotheses concerning the age-related, gender-related and interrelated phenomena. The following aspects of stuttering and related phenomena have been studied: (a) stuttering-like disfluencies (type, frequency, duration, tension), (b) subtypes of stuttering and the role of temperament, (c) the onset of stuttering and related variables, (d) precipitating factors post onset, (e) stuttering associated behaviour (physical concomitants and avoidance), (f) awareness of stuttering, (g) speech attitude, (h) listener reactions. Findings resulted in the construction of a model of development and consistency of stuttering characteristics and related phenomena.
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In the Antwerp epidemiological and phenomenological study on stuttering, the onset and development of stuttering have been studied. Descriptive data related to the onset of stuttering have been obtained for a group of 1549 participants. Considered related variables characterize the onset of stuttering (age, manner, time since onset), gender, the stuttering severity, tempo of speech and language development and temperament. In order to construct the structural equation model of onset of stuttering data for all considered variables were available for 437 young stuttering children out of the total group of participants. Calculation of different indices describe a very good fit and parsimony.
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Effects of a social-cognitive behaviour therapy for stuttering have been studied on long term for three different at random selected groups of participants (N = 122): a the therapy group, an only-diagnosis group and a drop-out group. Observed and reported data have been obtained at the first intake and at the moment of follow-up on the average 10 years later, concerning: (a) self-report and diagnosis of stuttering, (b) stuttering-like disfluencies (frequency, duration, tension), (c) precipitating factors, (d) stuttering-associated behaviour (physical concomitants and avoidance behaviour), (e) speech-related cognition and emotion, (f) speech attitude, (g) personality characteristics, (h) listener reactions. In addition, a quality-of-life study has been completed. Findings reveal that (a) for the drop-out group the diagnosis of stuttering has been observed for approximately more than twice the value of the therapy group. (b) A discrepancy emerges between the outcome of the diagnosis of stuttering when based on direct observation of stuttering in speech samples compared with the self-report of stuttering. (c) The findings for the three groups contribute to clarify the reported numbers of unassisted recovery for stuttering. (d) All for-mentioned speech-related phenomena improved significantly for the therapy-group, compared with the drop-out group.
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In the Antwerp epidemiological and phenomenological study on stuttering the relationship between temperament and stuttering have been studied. The analysis of reported and observed variables revealed (a) a higher incidence of temperament in a group of stuttering children, (b) some more typical onset-related characteristics (more sudden, more factors near onset, more precocious speech and language development), (c) typical more vowel prolongation, higher overall stuttering severity, more physical concomitants, (d) more awareness in terms of becoming crossed (anger) about their disfluent speech.
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